Hey, Vsauce. Michael here. And today we are going to go inside a black hole. It's notgoing to be comfortable, but it will be pretty fun. Now, first thing's first: mathematicallyspeaking, anything could become a black hole, if you were to compress it into a small enoughspace. That's right, you, me, this camera - everything in the unvierse has what is knownas a "Schwarzschild radius. " A tiny, tiny amount of space that, were you to collapse the entiremass of the object into, its density would be so great that its gravitational pull wouldbe so great that not even light could escape from it. You would have a black hole. If you were to compress Mount Everest into something smaller than a nanometer, you wouldhave a black hole. And if you were to compress the entire Earth down to the size of a peanut,you would have a black hole. But, fortunately for us, there is no known way to compress Everest or Earth in that fashion. But a star, many, many, many times larger than our own Sun, has a much larger Schwartzchildradius, and when it runs out of fuel and can no longer keep itself hot enough, it collapsesto a single, infinitesimally-small point known as a "singularity. "Its density will be infinite and so its gravitational pull will be so strong thatnothing can escape, not even light. But enough about ways black holes form, let's jump into one. First question: what wouldit look like from the outside? Well, we know that gravitational fields bend space and time. Stars behind our Sun will actually appear to be in slightly different locations fromEarth, because the Sun's gravitational field bends the light coming from those stars. When it comes to the gravitational fields of larger objects, like entire galaxies or,for that matter, a black hole, the effect is even nuttier. Light coming from object'sbehind them is significantly distorted, producing smears and smudges. As seen from Earth, the blue galaxy behind this red galaxy is completely distorted, likea fun house mirror. So, rather than appearing as it really should, it looks to us like a ring -a smudge all the way around the red galaxy. This is known as "gravitational lensing. " Now, take a look at this simulation of a blackhole with a galaxy millions of lightyears behind it. The galaxy's really not in dangerof the black hole's "suck," but the light coming off of that galaxy certainly is. Watchas the galaxy passes behind the black hole and its light is contorted, twisted anddistorted. Now here's a really fun demonstration. What if the Earth were to orbit around a black hole? Looking from the outside, the Earthwould look normal at first, but as soon as it passed behind the black hole, the blackhole's gravitational field would warp the light reflecting off the Earth, producingthis. For the sake of simplicity, let's jump into a simple black hole, one that doesn't havea charge and isn't moving. And, also, isn't already sucking up a bunch of matter. So it'sjust there on its own. As we approach, the distortion of the sky grows greater and greater. A larger and largerportion of our field of view looking forward into the black hole will be filled with darkness. At this point, where half of our field of view has been swallowed up in darkness, wehave reached the "Photon Sphere. "At this point, light is not going to necessarily get sucked into the black hole, but it doesn'tnecessarily leave it either. Instead, at this magical point in space, light, photons, canactually orbit the black hole. If you were to stop here for a moment and look to the side, you could theoreticallysee the back of your own head, because light reflecting off the back of your head wouldtravel all the way around the sphere of the black hole, right back to your face. A gravitational field not only warps space, it also warps time. Now, for most intensivepurposes here on Earth, we never have to worry about that. But near a black hole, gravitywould be so strong that an observer standing, watching you jump into the hole, would seesomething quite strange. They wouldn't see you get sucked quickly into the hole. Instead,they would see your approach become slower, and slower, and slower, until you reacheda point known as the event-horizon. This is a point in space where, once crossed, there's no going back. It is at that pointthat light can no longer escape. And, so, to a person watching you fall into the hole,that would be where your journey ended. You would seem almost frozen in space, the lightcoming off your body becoming increasingly red-shifted until you simply faded into nothingness. They would never see you cross the event-horizon. But for you, of course, everything would seem fine and dandy. You would continue passthat horizon to your now, inevitable, death. As you continue to approach the black hole'ssingularity, your view of the entire universe would get compressed into a smaller and smallerpoint in space behind you. If the black hole we're jumping into was large enough, things actually might be quite comfortableat that event horizon. We'll know that we're never going to escape and that our lives arepretty much over, but it might take us hours to actually reach a point where things startedto hurt. Why would they hurt? Well, the closer you get to the singularity, the more significant thedifference in gravitational pull is across space. And, so, parts of me that are closerto the singularity would be pulled more strongly than parts that were facing away and my entirebody would be stretched toward the singularity. The effect would be so incredible, scientistsdon't usually call it stretching, they call it "Spaghettification. "Once you reach this point, you would be dead. Your molecules would be violently ripped andstretched apart, and when they got to the singularity, well, we don't really know whatwould happen. Perhaps they would completely disappear in violation of all the laws ofphysics or maybe they would reappear elsewhere in the universe. It is believed that a movingor spinning black hole might actually create what is known as a "wormhole," a way of transitioningacross space faster than light. Not in any way that violates the laws of science, butin a way that takes advantage of the universe's dimensions. For instance, if I wanted to get from this point to this point, I'd have to travel thedistance. But, theoretically, a wormhole would do something really crazy. For instance, this. Now, the two points are right next to each other and I can travel between them almostinstantaneously. But, again, this is all theoretical. Luckily, we do have a possible way of analyzing blackholes right here on Earth. Enter the "Dumbhole. "Just as a black hole does not permit light to escape, a Dumbhole is an acoustic blackhole. It won't allow sound to escape. It doesn't have to be nearly as powerful and scientistshave been able to create Dumbholes in laboratories using special fluids traveling at the speedof sound. A lot of progress still needs to be made in the world of acoustic black holes, but wemay be able to learn an amazing amount of information about how black holes work bylooking at how sound is treated in a Dumbhole. Now here's another good question: What would it look like to travel at the speed of light,say, toward the Sun? Well, surprisingly, you wouldn't just see the Sun immediately rushup toward you. No, no, no. In fact, initially, it would look almost as if the Sun were recedingaway from you. Why? Because your field of view would vastly increase in size. You wouldbe able to see stuff almost behind you. And here's why. As you sit there, not moving yet, looking at the Sun, there's light coming from stuffbehind you. But, if you travel the speed of light, you will actually reach that lightcoming from things behind you. As you reached light speed, your field of view would expandlike this, concentrating the stuff in the middle. But where are you in the universe? Or, here's a better question. Where is the center ofthe universe? Well, this might sound crazy, but it's everywhere. This is known as the"Cosmological Principle. " No matter where you are in the universe, everything else willseem to be moving away from you, expanding, at the same rate. The universe is expanding, but not like a balloon getting bigger with all the peopleinside it. Instead, it's as if we are the surface of a balloon. If you were to put abunch of dots on a balloon and then blow it up, all the dots would move away from eachother at the same rate. And, on the surface of the balloon, there is no center. Take a look at these two layers. They are exactly similar, except the top layer representsa 5% expansion of the bottom layer. Let's say that you live on one of these dots, and you want to measure where everything ismoving away from. Well, watch what happens when I line up a dot in the past and the present. Boom. It looks like the center of the expansion. I can do this with any dot. As soon as I choosea dot to be the frame of reference, it immediately becomes the center of the expansion. So, while dying in a black hole would be lonely, and scary, and morbid, when you look up intothe sky think instead about this. No matter where you are, or who you are, or what yourfriends or your parents, you really, scientifically, are the center of the universe. Finally, what if our universe was a googolplex meters across? It is nowhere near that large. But, if it was, it would be so voluminous that, statistically, it would be nearly impossiblefor there not to be an exact copy of you somewhere else out there in the universe. To see why,I highly suggest that you click right there and check out Brady Haran's new channel "Numberphile. "It's part of the YouTube original channel's, and I've worked with these guys before. They'reamazing, they're my favorite kind of geeks. So, check out that video, watch their otherstuff, and if you like math, I highly suggest that you subscribe. And as always,thanks for watching.
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